Constitutional Monarchy Definition and Examples

A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch—typically a king or queen—acts as the head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution. In a constitutional monarchy, political power is shared between the monarch and a constitutionally organized government such as a parliament. Constitutional monarchies are the opposite of absolute monarchies, in which the monarch holds all power over the government and the people. Along with the United Kingdom, a few examples of modern constitutional monarchies include Canada, Sweden, and Japan. Key Takeaways: Constitutional Monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a non-elected monarch functions as the head of state within the limits of a constitution.Political power in a constitutional monarchy is shared between the monarch and an organized government such as the British Parliament.A constitutional monarchy is the opposite of an absolute monarchy in which the monarch has total power over the government and the people. Power Distribution in a Constitutional Monarchy Similar to the way in which the powers and duties of the President of the United States are described in the U.S. Constitution, the powers of the monarch, as the head of state, are enumerated in the constitution of a constitutional monarchy. In most constitutional monarchies, the monarchs’ political powers, if any, are very limited and their duties are mostly ceremonial. Instead, real governmental power is exercised by a parliament or similar legislative body overseen by a prime minister. While the monarch may be recognized as the â€Å"symbolic† head of state, and the government might technically function in the name of the queen or king, the prime minister actually governs the country. Indeed, it has been said that the monarch of a constitutional monarchy is, â€Å"A sovereign who reigns but does not rule.† As a compromise between placing blind trust in a lineage of kings and queens who have inherited their power, and a belief in the political wisdom of the people being ruled, modern constitutional monarchies are usually a blend of the monarchal rule and representative democracy.  Ã‚   Besides serving as a living symbol of national unity, pride and tradition, the constitutional monarch may—depending on the constitution—have the power to disband the current parliamentary government or to give royal consent to the actions of the parliament. Using England’s constitution as an example, British political scientist Walter Bagehot listed the three main political rights available to a constitutional monarch: â€Å"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn.† Constitutional vs. Absolute Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a blended form of government in which a king or queen with limited political power rules in combination with a legislative governing body such as a parliament representing the desires and opinions of the people.   Absolute Monarchy An absolute monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen rules with total unchallenged and unchecked political and legislative power. Based on the ancient concept of the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings† suggesting that kings derived their authority from God, absolute monarchies operate under the political theory of absolutism. Today the only remaining pure absolute monarchies are Vatican City, Brunei, Swaziland, Saudi Arabia, and Oman. After the signing of the Magna Carta in 1512, constitutional monarchies began to supplant absolute monarchies for a combination of similar reasons, including their often weak or tyrannical kings and queens, failure to provide funds for pressing public needs, and refusal to address valid grievances of the people.   Current Constitutional Monarchies Today, the world’s 43 constitutional monarchies are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, a 53-nation intergovernmental support organization headed by the sitting monarch of the United Kingdom. Some of the best-recognized examples of these modern constitutional monarchies include the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, and Japan. The United Kingdom Made up of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, in which the queen or king is the head of state, while an appointed prime minister leads the government in the form of the British Parliament. Bestowed with all lawmaking powers, the Parliament is composed of the House of Commons, the members of which are elected by the people, and the House of Lords made up members who have either been appointed or have inherited their seats. 28th September 1952: Princess Elizabeth watching her son Prince Charles playing in his toy car while at Balmoral. Lisa Sheridan / Getty Images Canada While the monarch of the United Kingdom also serves as Canada’s head of state, the Canadian people are governed by an elected prime minister and a legislative parliament. In the Canadian parliament, all laws are proposed by a popularly-elected House of Commons and must be approved by the royally-appointed Senate.   Sweden The King of Sweden, while the head of state, lacks any defined political power and serves a largely ceremonial role. All lawmaking power is vested in the Riksdag, a single-chambered legislative body composed of democratically elected representatives.   Japan In the world’s most populous constitutional monarchy, the Emperor of Japan has no constitutional role in the government and is relegated to ceremonial duties. Created in 1947 during the country’s post-World War II U.S. occupation, Japan’s constitution provides for a government structure similar to that of the United States. Newlywed Prince and Princess Hitachi pose at the doorway of the imperial Palace. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The executive branch is overseen by a royally-appointed prime minister who controls the government. The legislative branch, called the National Diet, is a popularly-elected, bicameral body composed of a House of Councillors and a House of Representatives. The Japanese Supreme Court and several lower courts make up a judicial branch, which functions independently of the executive and legislative branches. Sources Bogdanor, Vernon (1996). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Parliamentary Affairs, Oxford University Press.Constitutional Monarchy. British Monarchist League.Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015). Monarchy: What is a Monarchy? politics.co.ukLearning with the Times: 7 nations still under absolute monarchy. (Nov. 10, 2008) The Times of India

Effects Of The Panic Of 1837 - 1681 Words

The panic of 1837 was arguably more devastating than the depression of the 1930’s, yet less well known. During the period of roughly 7 years between 1837 and the mid 1840’s the U.S. economy underwent massive economic hardships and consequences which many economists ultimately believe helped lead to the American civil war in 1861. Causes for the panic include: government policies, speculative lending practices, decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international cash flow and restrictive lending policies (Wiki). Historians believe that it was Jackson s policies that lead to the inflationary boom and the Panic of 1837, which suspended the convertibility of paper money into specie. Historians point the finger to three of Jackson s policies. The first was Jackson s veto of a bill to recharter the second Bank of the United States, in 1832. The federal reserves of the Bank of the United States were distributed to the state-chartered banks that were favored by Ja ckson. Historians believe that this led to the reserve ratio being reduced because there was no central bank regulating the banks. This led to an increase in the money supply and inflation (Sylla). The second policy was the Deposit Act of 1836, which was the distribution of the surplus in paper money to the states, after the National Debt was paid (Sylla, Rothbard 99). This extra money caused an increase in spending by the states (Rothbard 100). The last policy led to the Panic of 1837; the SpecieShow MoreRelatedAmerica s First Great Depression : Economic Crisis And Political Disorder Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages Alasdair Roberts book entitled America s First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder After The Panic of 1837 introduces the reader to challenges the United States dealt with in terms of economic and political crisis. He thoroughly entails the drastic decline the nation witnessed shortly after The Panic of 1837 which he coined the start of America s first Great Depression. Alasdair Roberts is a well known Canadian professor at the Truman School of Public Affairs. He frequentlyRead MoreThe Success Of The Great Recession1320 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States was the great panic of 1837, which had similar underpinnings as the most recent crisis. The Great Panic of 1837 Financial tools and arrangements have almost always been speculative, going from the first ownership of land and the creation of wealth, mankind has always tried to value and gain or time what has become referred to as the market. 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Inflation was a problem and the Second Bank of America had made withdrew excessive amount of money. Many Banks began to accept money that would be consider hard money which consisted of gold and silver these actions would cause many Americans to become extremely suspicious. The rapid growth of the U.S economy during the Market revolution would also affect theRead MoreTwo Party System in U.S. Essay example687 Words   |  3 Pagespolitical divisions had occurred one part due to Jacksons veto of the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States, the Ta riff of Abominations, and the disastrous effects the Panic of 1837 had on the economy. Jacksons veto of the Maysville Road Bill and South Carolinas nullification of the Tariff of Abominations had an enormous effect on the separations of political support as they pertained to states rights. These factors all contributed to the prolonged existence of the two-party system in AmericaRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The United States Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical opponents that feared his use of power. Tariff of Abominations aka The Tariff of 1828; A protective tariff passed by Congress designed to protect industry in the northern US; southerners labeled it the Tariff of Abominations because of the effects it had on the Southern economy; led to the Nullification Crisis. John C. Calhoun Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomesRead MoreJacksonian Democracy1150 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"common man† (such as himself) for whom he fought so hard to help defend their individual liberties. Equal economic opportunity was something Jacksonian Democrats defended well. An example of this is the case of Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge in 1837. Two bridges were given charters to be built on the same river connecting the same two cities, Boston and Cambridge. The first bridge, the Charles River Bridge was given rights in 1785 by Massachusetts’s legislation to be built and collect tolls. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Standing At Armageddon By Nell Irvin Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesworkforce, and labour conditions. During the 1870’s , many financial issues had arise in the United States of America and in many European countries. Due to the financial crises that arise , it led to a major depressing era in history that is called the Panic of 1873. In â€Å"Standing at Armageddon† written by Nell Irvin Painter, the author discusses the progressive era and the United States economic crisis , as well as, social status during the ninetheeth century. Painter e xplains on how the high class whiteRead MoreLearning Journal Tasks Of Central Bank929 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States.   Mitigated the Financial Panic in 1792.   US ran into financial deficit in funding the War of 1812 aka the second war for independence, BUS became obsolete urging the government to form a new central bank. 1816 - SBUS (second Bank of United States) was established.   This bank had some agency problems and failed to prevent recession and debt deflation.   Consequently, Andrew Jackson vetoed to renew the SBUS existence and eventually bankrupt. 1837 - 1914: U.S did not have a central bankRead MoreThe Manifest Destiny Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesargument by opposition of the destiny was built on the accusation that white men would destroy everyone. The fear was legitimate by the Indians and would not only lead to confinement of Indians, but also mass destruction. Despite the possible negative effects, the idea and plan of a Manifest Destiny was still in progress. Racism was a major factor that dared to put a halt on the manifest destiny. With gaining more land out west, white Southern men would prosper because of the allotted land that would

Bag of Bones AUTHOR’S NOTE Free Essays

To an extent, this novel deals with the legal aspects of child custody in the State of Maine. I asked for help in understanding this subject from my friend Warren Silver, who is a fine attorney. Warren guided me carefully, and along the way he also told me about a quaint old device called the Stenomask, which I immediately appropriated for my own fell purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Bag of Bones AUTHOR’S NOTE or any similar topic only for you Order Now If I’ve made procedural mistakes in the story which follows, blame me, not my legal resource. Warren also asked me–rather plaintively if I could maybe put a ‘good’ lawyer in my book. All I can say is that I did my best in that regard. Thanks to my son Owen for technical support in Woodstock, New York, and to my friend (and fellow Rock Bottom Remainder) Ridley Pearson for technical support in Ketchum, Idaho. Thanks to Pam Dorman for her sympathetic and perceptive reading of the first draft. Thanks to Chuck Verrill for a monumental editing job–your personal best, Chuck. Thanks to Susan Moldow, Nan Graham, Jack Roman s, and Carolyn Reidy at Scribner for care and feeding. And thanks to Tabby, who was there for me again when things got hard. I love you, hon. S.K. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, thought I; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I know you are here. ‘Bartleby’ HERMAN MELVILLE Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again . . . As I stood there, hushed and still, I could swear that the house was not an empty shell but lived and breathed as it had lived before. Rebecca DAPHNE DU MAURIER Mars is heaven. RAY BRADBURY How to cite Bag of Bones AUTHOR’S NOTE, Essay examples

Professional Leadership in the Early Years

Question: Describe about policy affects and the testing procedures. Answer: Professionalism is a modern matter, which obtains high education in early year education. As a professional working with young children is not just about gathering morals is about the desire and approach of early years educators. Professionalism includes knowledge regarding skills, methods, procedures, information and training for the development of early childhood (Chiu, 2010). The North west district of Manchester include the ward of Crumpsall. Crumpsall have higher rate of children born with low birth weight compared with Manchester and need to be special care. Mothers Angles is among one of childcare playschool located in Crumpsall. About Mothers Angles The mothers Angles is a private preschool that runs from Crumpsall Manchester. Its a day care and have a maximum strength of 26 children to ensure maximum attention to each child. Mothers Angles gave focus on the knowledge of child development. For maintaining their standard they have 3 or 4 staff with one cook and a cleaner. This preschool has playrooms and play areas for kids with basic facilities and kitchens where cooks prepare healthy and tasty foods for kids. Both cook and cleaner are full time workers and rest staff take care kids such that every kid gets full attention. Leadership and multi-professionalism in Mothers Angles Having knowledge of child growth helps in creating a healthy environment and provides guidance in planning different activities (Elfer, 2012). Professional teachers from Mothers Angles do following activities- Do timely planning and staff meetings such that they can work in a more coordinated manner, well informed about the guidelines, understands each one tasks and the activities to support child health development. They practice for self-regulation and acquiring skills and training which helps them to understand the correct measures to help kids. They carefully monitor kids activity such that they do not get abused anywhere, ensures their safety and proper mental development. They understand what should be done in case of any emergency. The manager gives proper instructions to the cleaner to maintain the neat and hygienic environment in an institution. One staff member has the responsibility to take care of proper safety rules. Proper records of each and every child are most in which his physical and overall status must be maintained. Staff know more than one language and they teach kids their mother tongue and English language to enhance their communication skills and be a part of main stream easily. They conduct programs and invite external child professionals such that kids learn through their innovative activities. This helps the staff to learn and incorporate in their curriculum which is called experimental leaning. They conduct camp to have routine check-up of every kid and also call a child psychologist to understanding kids behavior. In case of any issues, kids parents are informed. Professional staff encourages the child to develop the feeling of sharing and togetherness. Professional staff explains kids about the families, give equal opportunities to the families of children in regards to their culture and needs, organizing events for families and take proper feedback and appreciates their suggestions (Chapparamani and Jyothi, 2011). Wider political and economic climate Young children are the future of a nation and to give the strong atmosphere is the responsibility of Government also. Many nations organize programs, conferences for improving early years knowledge. In 2004 the UN establishes committee for the implementing younger right in early stage (Bush, 2012). The attitude of a human being is directly influenced by the atmosphere they live and grow. Younger kids influenced by what they see in their surroundings. The political and economic factors, at their level of education also affect the younger in growth and development. The youngers those belong to poor family have a lower intellectual aids and also lack of social behavior.The mental level of younger kids who lives in a poor economic condition is generally affected. Younger ones are not directly affected by political factors, but various conditions regarding younger childs rights, benefits, taxes and other conditions affect the kids life harshly. In England a non-ministerial department is there i.e. OFSTED, its a department of education and employment. The reports that are made by the members of his department, published in newspapers and on the web. The reports are transparent and it shows the negative as well as positive points of work in schools (Munn, 2009). The Government is trying to deliver clear guidance how to improve the quality of early child services through the publication of these reports. The other program in England EYDCP, Early Years Development and Childcare Partnership, which looks that child information will play an important aspect in evaluating the approaches. EYDCP plan to design the development of childcare places, by doing Childcare Audit. On the basis of EYDCP audit Government grant funds, supporting for training and quality of childcare (Nicholson and Maniates, 2015). The DFES research includes- -The calculation of programmes related to early childhood. -The calculation of cost of childhood provision. -Research based on different caste, ethics, and the ability for the services provided to childhood. -Research on various method and learning adopted by professionals. Response to Curriculum Previous Government establishes curriculum for all schools serving ages 5-16 but it was not working as a desired result as the main priority of the Government is to develop the growth of young ones and for this they have to cheat proper curriculum and for this in September 2000 QCA, Qualification and Curriculum Authority established (Oberhuemer, 2013). QCA objective is not the curriculum, but to help the early years professionals to create suitable curriculum. Mothers Angles belief in Every Child Matters Every Child Matters was a policy for children by England Government., and Mothers Angle is running accordingly. The main purpose of Government is to focus on each and every child. Every Child Matter policy includes- It was the title published on Green Paper on SEPEMBE 8TH.2003, by the British Government to the imp mentation of the Children Act 2004. Every child is important for the British Government and it is trying to remove the inequalities between the children The policy is based on the themes- There is the great impact of Family and career in childs life. Every possible service to be provided for the support of children . If there are some crises in between people and children proper study must be done. . The professional that are working for early years must be provided special training and to fulfil their needs. Every Child Matter policy needs changes also like to be more creative and flexible in nature for the benefit of young ones. Its also helpful in empowering formal and informal professionals to work more confidently. It is easily applied for children having strength of 26, as 26 is not a big strength to control and take caring about them. Effectiveness of models leadership style Leadership is based on values and vision which motivate employees to do beer work (Tanuku and Edgington, 2006). The effectiveness of the models and style of leadership chosen by the Mother's Angles school should be realized in terms of social context. Thats why it is not an isolated activity of a single person, but rather that different people in team contribute to effective leadership which is therefore distributed in nature. The school's administration exhibits following characteristics 1) Being goal-oriented and set goals for himself. The ultimate goal of the school's administration is that every child develops properly and effectively such that he or she can into the main stream of the external world without any problem, get easily mingled in his society. 2) Use planning and has proper vision and confidence in his or her approach. They do regular staff meeting and planning and prepare their approaches in terms of activities for children, health care programs, proper inspections and through experimental learning they get confidence that whatever style they are adopting is according to need of children and are best practices that are being followed. 3) Having good working relationships with other workforce, kind and moderate with others who participate in leadership. The whole staff has created a better environment within the school and every person know his tasks well in advance. All of them participate in activities for children. 4) Being responsive to parents also able to communicate with them effectively. The staff organizes events for families and take proper feedback and appreciates their suggestions. In case of any emergencies, they inform parents. Small kids must be handled with love. Child brains develop most before the age of 5 years, Emphasis should be given from childcare workers to educators and that is the phase of building a scholarly base for the early childhood profession (Thomas et al., 2012). Researches have three main points to invest in children: If investment is made in the early years, it will be helpful to children in the future and be with him for a longer time. Second, if there are any changes in the atmospheres of childhood living it helps the young once. Third, the early investment for the children shows large impact, when children further go for higher education and learning. Parents who drop their child in Mothers Angle childcare can do their work better with peace which also increase their employment. They are able to provide extra income which is beneficial for children. Parents showed interest in child care only after seeing the effectiveness of professionals, and their trust and hard work help the parents to satisfy their mental level and they can do their jobs effectively (Sethuraman and Suresh, 2014). When child and parents are satisfied with growth in terms of economically and physically society automatically becomes more developed. Economically sound atmosphere reduces the crime level, especially among children, which, is the great progress of any nation (Taggart, 2015). Conclusion: Demand for care and education in early year of childhood, gaining, lots of attention in the last decade in areas like Crumpsall. The manager of Mothers Angles has an effective team and hardworking staff for special care of children. Leadership in the early years also requires certain skills and training which are important for effective leadership and these includes most common one communication services, executive and problem-solving services, personal behavioural skills and organizational skills. The present age demand has changed from childcare workers to educators and Mothers Angles in Crumsall is good example for that. References Bush, T. (2012). Leadership in the Early Years: Making a Difference.Educational Management Administration Leadership, 40(3), pp.287-288. Chapparamani, D. and Jyothi, P. (2011). Review of Literature on Leadership and Leadership Qualities.IJAR, 4(2), pp.7-9. Chiu, E. (2010). Essential qualities and tasks of leadership.Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 2(4), pp.176-176. Elfer, P. (2012). Emotion in nursery work: Work Discussion as a model of critical professional reflection.Early Years, 32(2), pp.129-141. Hordern, J. (2013). A productive system of early years professional development.Early Years, 33(2), pp.106-118. Lehrer, J. (2013). Accompanying early childhood professional reflection in Quebec: a case study.Early Years, 33(2), pp.186-200. Munn, P. (2009). Professional development and understanding childrens perspectives.International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(3), pp.177-178. Nicholson, J. and Maniates, H. (2015). Recognizing postmodern intersectional identities in leadership for early childhood.Early Years, 36(1), pp.66-80. Oberhuemer, P. (2013). Continuing professional development and the early years workforce.Early Years, 33(2), pp.103-105. Rogers, R. (2012). Leadership communication styles: a descriptive analysis of health care professionals.Journal of Healthcare Leadership, p.47. RRTVEIT, K. and SEVERINSSON, E. (2011). Leadership qualities when providing therapy for women who suffer from eating difficulties.Journal of Nursing Management, 20(5), pp.631-639. Schmid, H. (2006). Leadership styles and leadership change in human and community service organizations.Nonprofit Management Leadership, 17(2), pp.179-194. Sethuraman, K. and Suresh, J. (2014). Effective Leadership Styles.IBR, 7(9). Taggart, G. (2015). Sustaining care: cultivating mindful practice in early years professional development.Early Years, 35(4), pp.381-393. Tanuku, P. and Edgington, M. (2006). Do we need the Early Years Professional status?.Early Years Educator, 8(4), pp.6-7. Thomas, R., Bellin, J., Jules, C. and Lynton, N. (2012). Global leadership teams: diagnosing three essential qualities.Strategy Leadership, 40(3), pp.25-29.

Welfare Reform

Any attempt by the government to transform the social welfare policy of a nation is referred to as welfare reform. There are myriads of reasons why a government may desire to undertake a social welfare reform program. For instance, there are several poor households who continually depend on the assistance from the government.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Welfare Reform – Social Welfare Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, a well planned social welfare program has a higher potential of reducing overdependence on government. Hence, social welfare reform improves the self-sufficiency level of citizens who are relatively low income earners (Hacker, 2004). Some critics argue that the social welfare programs that were formed during the Great Depression era did not meet the expected goals and objectives of welfare assistance. It is imperative to mention that most of those social welfare re forms were formed hurriedly without proper structures and policy frameworks. In addition, the original social welfare reform programs were not as dynamic as expected. In spite of the fact times were changing and ushering new challenges, the old programs were not flexible enough to be compatible with the emerging needs. This paper explores the social welfare reforms in the United States since the era of the Great Depression. The Welfare Reform Act that was passed sometimes in 1996 aimed at creating an end to social welfare programs in the United States. Proponents of act argued that the social welfare structure had existed in the country for extremely long time and as such, such programs were no longer necessary (Besharov Germanis, 2000). Even though the old welfare structure was to be done away with, a similar welfare system was to be enacted. Hence, the much needed change was to be facilitated by the Welfare Reform Act. The Welfare-to-Work proposal was one of the proposed changes under the new Act. In addition, individuals who used to benefit from the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) package were then expected to work twenty hours within a period of seven days. Moreover, in order to meet this requirement, twelve authorized activities were listed down by the same reform statute. It is believed that this reform initiative assisted poor families greatly because they ended up being self-reliant and not fully depending on government handouts.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The impacts of the newly enacted and implemented reforms were realized in a record period of three years (Hacker, 2004). Most Americans were eventually capable of sustaining themselves compared to the initially created social welfare programs during the era of Great Depression. Although the social welfare reform discussed above was a watershed in the social wellbei ng of poor Americans, other alternatives were equally introduced in order to boost the viability of the on-going initiatives. For example, the Congress passed the 2003 welfare reform agenda. As a matter of fact, the welfare reform act that was adopted in 1996 was the main building block of the 2003 reforms. The key goal of the 2003 reforms was to boost the aspect of financial assistance to individuals and households that were still relying on full government support. The new reform agenda also aimed at strengthening individual families and protecting minors from social hardships. This was an additional clause that would ensure equitable or general state of fairness among the American public. In order to acquire the much needed independent status, both the state and local governments aided these disadvantaged groups in attaining the stated goals. Unfortunately, the Welfare-to-Work program came to an end in 2004 in spite of the fact that the program positively transformed millions of lives when it was active. The worst impact of this untimely end was the reversal of all the gains that had been achieved for relatively lengthy time. Since the inception of the first ever welfare group some sixty years ago, several positive changes have been realized among the poor American citizens. On the same note, household needs have continually transformed both in terms of diversity and variety. In order to cater for the changes that have take place among different families, the political class has regularly made reforms on the available social welfare programs. They have managed to determine both failure and success stories and acted accordingly in improving them. One of the major political undertakings by politicians has been the reauthorization of welfare legislations that are already in place. This explains why the reauthorization of the TANF initiative took place in 2005. As an impact, this welfare program has been instrumental in reshaping lives among millions of America ns who were initially living under difficult economic circumstances (Schà ¤fer, 2007). Other social welfare programs such as Supplemental Security Income, Medicaid, and Food Stamps have been indeed helpful to several Americans with low income brackets.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Welfare Reform – Social Welfare Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, certain requirements must be met in order to be eligible for any of these social welfare initiatives.  In terms of ramifications, there are about four impacts of social welfare policy that have been instrumental before the onset of the 1980s. To begin with, the underlying premise of social help advanced by the welfare programs has been questioned and debated on various platforms. Women are now being stigmatized for not being part and parcel of the workforce even though the social welfare programs were initiated to assist poor mothers in bringing up their children (Schà ¤fer, 2007). Secondly, although social security system has not been interfered with at all in the US, assistance programs suffered several blows since most of them were either reformed or done away with completely. Thirdly, the individual social policies of states have been put through experiments by the federal waivers. Some of the examples include welfare-to-work programs and health insurance (Blank, 2007).  In summary, it can be concluded that the inception of social welfare programs can be dated back to the Great Depression era when American citizens faced hard economic times. Since then, several reform packages have been undertaken in these social welfare initiatives in order to boost their validity and suitability with the changing times. They were formed to cater for the social well being of communities that had been hard hit by the tough economic conditions. Therefore, long term planning was not put into consideration at all. In any cas e, most of the social welfare programs formed during the Great Depression era failed to remain vibrant and self-supportive for a long time. They still demanded government support several decades after they had been formed. Nonetheless, it is crucial to mention that even the contemporary social welfare programs can hardly suffice the needs of all low income earners in the United States and therefore, regular reforms are necessary in order to restructure their operations to be in tandem with the emerging needs of communities. References Besharov, D. J. Germanis P. (2000). Welfare Reform: Four Years Later. The Public Interest140: 17-35. Blank, R. (2007). Improving the Safety Net for Single Mothers Who Face Serious Barriers to Work.. The Future of Children, 17(2): 183-197.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hacker, J. S. (2004). Privatizing risk without privatizing the welfare state: The hidden politics of social policy retrenchment in the United States. American Political Science Review, 98(2), 243-260. Schà ¤fer, R.A. (2007). Social Policy and Welfare Reform in the United States-An Introduction. American Studies Journal 49(3), 9-14. This research paper on Welfare Reform – Social Welfare Change was written and submitted by user Ezra Burch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom Criminal Insane essay The theme in the poem is good triumphs over evil. Evil is portrayed in this poem from the fact that the main character here who is Hard Rock did not take shit from anyone. This is further emphasized by the scars he has that are a result of his evil nature. He had scars on his lips, ears, and temple. One long scar that cut/across his temple and plowed through a thich/canopy of kinky hair (4/5) this is a figure of speech called syllepsis. Cut across is a form of penetration of the skin that is used to define and emphasize the visibility of the scar that was on Hard Rocks face. Purple lips, lumber ears, yellow eyes, kinky hair these are metaphors used to associate the eyes, ears, hair and lips to color which is an intangible idea. It achieves the concept of comparison and association. An element of poetry called word order is used. This is so because the no nonsense Hard Rock is first portrayed, then the taming comes next. His presentation to the people and their expectations of him the n follow. The name Hard Rock in itself is a metaphor, because it symbolises someone who is harsh, tough and loud. The evils of the character are toned down through the work done on him by doctors. He was turned loose/ like a freshly gelded stallion this is a simile the tries to liken the appearance of Hard Rock to freshly gelded stallion (12). He appears lke a horse that has been freshly castrated so that he has no use or effect on anyone and anything. The character is ashamed of his new status that is why the association to a gelded stallion is used. And we waited and watched, like a herd of sheep (13) is another simile. This describes the fact that they waited in groups to ascertain that what was said about the character was actually true. As we waited we wrapped (15) is an alliteration. This is because the consonant w is used in a repeated manner. Alliteration in this case is used to unite words through the mode of repetition. When used in a given context, it also adds beauty to language. The evils of the character are further portrayed from his actions such as smacking the captain with his dinner tray (18), biting a screw on the thumb, and poisoning with syphilitic spit. When Hard Rock is been subjected to tests, a person who confronts him is referred to as hillbilly. This is a symbol that portrays the character as being a resident and dweller of the remote areas and it is oftenly used as an insult. The hillbilly calls Hard Rock a black son of a bitch (24) which is a metaphor that is used to express disgust, disappointment and annoyance. It is an insult that is oftenly used on someone who is hated and disliked because of his crude character. >His eyes empty like knot holes in a fence (28), is a simile. It is used to compare the eyes of the main character to holes in a fence. Knot holes are openings through or into a fence or a hole where a hole has come out. This emphasizes the frustrated and humbled character of Hard Rock contrary to his former crude being. It symbolizes the fact that he was in no position to do anything to his mockers. His character initially deceived the rest of the people that Hard Rock had changed or rather was more wise and cool than before, but this was not for long. Their shock resulted in their turning away, eyes on the ground feeling crushed. This portrays the fact that their hope had been tarnished and they felt that painful effect. This was because they only dreamed and never brought their dreams into reality because of their fears. The fears of years, like a biting whip (36) is also a simile. It likens the fears they have had through the years to a biting whip. A biting whip is a form of punishment that is administered through repeated strokes and is usually difficult to forget. The return of their fears tore through their flesh and backs as though it was real lashing. The tone of this poem is that of anxiety. The tone in a poem is like the mood created in a reader. The characters are intense and anxious with the hope that Hard Rock has been tamed and, would no longer be a source of thei r fears. Buy custom Criminal Insane essay

Michigan history3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Michigan history3 - Research Paper Example was centrally meant for the mission issues, but was later adopted for settlement because it played as a dynamic sport for accessibility by either stream, through Saint Josephs River and by the trail of canoes. It was also a dominant center for commercial trade. Michigan’s were believed to be prominent Detroit film makers, but most of their vast regions were also associated with arts culture and business. Being cosmopolitan regions, they also practice much of assimilation with their neighbors. Despite this, the inhabitants still preserver their heritage. Because the sport of choice in this region was accustomed by rivers, Michigan practiced fishing as a way of sustainability and mining also became a basic practice due to presence of salt. Michigan lies in a distinct zone of peninsular. Its most upper region had been covered by forests while the other lower region was basically meant for settlement. Most of their lands were dominantly associated with the issues of business, agriculture and the practice of mining. Because of the thriving rivers, fishing has also not been left

Evaluate the methods used to obtain qualitative and quantitive Essay

Evaluate the methods used to obtain qualitative and quantitive information on DNA methylation - Essay Example Varied methods for analyzing DNA methylation quantitatively and qualitatively exist, and they entail studying the polymerase chain reactions. Notably, the identified and widely procedures for analyzing DNA methylation both qualitatively and quantitatively include methylation-specific PCR(MSP), combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA), bisulfite sequencing, methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE), as well as, quantitative real-time MSP (Szyf, 2010 p 29). The use of each technique depends on the efficacy and intended information gain of the analysis process. Methylation-specific PCR technique involves the analysis of DNA methylation patterns in CpG islands. Thus, it is a qualitative technique of obtaining information on DNA methylation. The method involves the modification of the DNA using PCR with two primer pairs that are detectable in methylated and unmethylated DNA respectively (Ip, Canham, Choo, Inaba, Jacobs, Kalitsis, Mattiske, Saffery, Wong, Wong & Mann, 2012, p 9). The study of the methylation patterns focuses on the regulation of gene expressions as they occur in mammalian cells. This technique is useful from its advantages. Notably, it is highly sensitive and highly specific for particulate CpG sites, which makes it remarkably accurate. Additionally, the Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) facilitates for analysis of clinical samples, which have low levels of methylated sequences. The use of the restriction enzymes eliminates the problem of incomplete enzyme digestion; hence, giving accurate findings. The limitation of the techniq ue includes that incomplete bisulfite modification of the DNA gives false positivity results (Szyf, 2010 p 56). Further, poor design of the primers could give inconclusive results. Bisulfite sequencing technique entails the use of bisulphite treatment of the DNA to establish its pattern of methylation. It is a qualitative technique and was the first

Customer Service- Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer Service- Reflection Paper - Assignment Example My perspective on customer service centers on the immense benefits that it has on the organization. In this regard, therefore, I believe that it is essential for any organization to undertake customer service in order to equip employees with excellent customer relations qualities (Online Trainees, 2013). When I first learnt about customer service, I found some ideas quite interesting to me. One of the most interesting ideas was research; I came to learn that any customer training program has to incorporate research. This helps the organization to understand the needs of their customers. Another important idea is training; employees have to be subjected to training on a continuous basis as this helps them the needs of customers. My philosophy of customer service is based on the belief that customers are crucial in determining the success of an organization. As such, employees of the customer service department should possess the requisite knowledge on how to handle customers. As a customer service manager, I will apply the concepts of this course my job. The principles will help me manage my staff and teach them skills on how to handle customers with care. Apple can be credited as a company that provides excellent customer service. Over the years, Apple has provided customer service through an online platform that allows customers to get support from the staff. Through such a platform, customers can gain knowledge on the products offered by the company and the availability of the

The Japan Airlines 123 Flights

The Japan Airlines 123 Flights This report documents the chain of events before, during and after the Japan Airlines 123 Flight, registered under JA8119. It evaluates the cause and effects of the factors before the fateful flight, and connects with the factors during the flight and after the flight, not forgetting, it also offers possible recommendations to improve the safety of the aviation industry. The main cause of the flights death, was very simple, just a very common tailstrike incident which was not repaired to specifications stated by the manufacturer themselves. It was further neglected after passing through a check by the maintenance engineer himself, which should have grounded the airplane. Instead, it went on to fly another 12319 cycles before its life ended on 12th August 1985. During the flights it has gone through, continous cycle loading had caused heavy metal fatigue on the repair and the pressure bulkhead itself. Time after time, it accumulated, the cracks finally nucleated together in the aft pressure bulkhead. It ruptured the tailfin, along with it the heart of the airplane, the Central Hydraulic Unit. It drained the plane of its blood which was the hydraulic fluids that control the primary systems. After losing control, and fighting with it for 32 minutes it crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 km from Tokyo. Based on research and findings, the aviation industry has improved so far, with the new Boeing maintenance procedures which include more stringent checks on repair patches, with new installation of relief valves. However, to us, it is not enough, we would recommend as well to include newer standards, such that to allow lesser temporary repairs to pass through inspection, filling up the empty space with more part replacements. It may take a longer time, but safety is maintained. Introduction Purpose This report is to document and shed more light on the timeline, chain of events occurring before and after the tragic flight of JA8119. It also includes the revision of aviation standards, and the proposal of ways to increase consumer safety in aviation. Background Information 15 years have passed, and many do not remember the tragic flight of JA8119 on Flight 123. It happened to be the most deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history. The final flight also occurred on 12th August 1985 which was the Obon holiday period where the Japanese return to their hometown for visiting their ancestors graves. The victim was a Boeing 747-SR46, which carried 524 passengers on board, for which only 4 survived. It suffered mechanical failures 12 minutes into the flight and 32 minutes later crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 kilometers from Tokyo. The crash site was on Osutaka Ridge near Mount Osutaka. Up to today, it still remains as the most tragic incident, due to its high number of casualties and the coincidence of the type of tradition also occurring during the period. Due to this, It raised worldwide awareness towards the dangers of aviation, causing the Flight Aviation Authority to revise its maintenance measures, and made the aircraft manufacturer Boeing, to revise its design on all of its infamous 747 platforms. Method of Investigation Information extracted from an episode from National Geographics Air Crash Investigations/May Day Series, Episode 2 Out of Control, reports on Aircraft Safety revisions, an actual blackbox recording of the actual incident, and various documents on the cause and effects of the crash. Scope of Investigation. It is broken down into 3 sections comprising generally the Pre-incident details, which would contain the tailstrike incident which occurred 7 years ago, leading to the analysis improper repairs done, followed by the lax attitude the ground crew took. The second section would the the Incident Details, which will document the chain of events which occurred in the rear pressure bulkhead, comprising of rivet failure, bulkhead failure, explosive decompression, leading to the hydraulic failure and the pilot faults. Followed on lastly by post incident details, documenting the refusal of US military base help from Tokyo, leading to the late rescue efforts which resulted in more deaths, and the lessons learnt from this incident. Lastly, Our own recommendation on what could be further done. Pre Incident Details 2.1 Tailstrike Incident A Boeing 747SR was arriving on 2nd June 1978 at Osaka Airport. The weather in the area was not optimistic at all, with rain that just ended, resulting in extreme heavy fog. The pilot, was in the skies during that period had just been approved to land. Due to low visibility, he could hardly see what was in front, and relied on his instruments as guiding points. By the time, the altitude meter read 100 feet, he had realized that he was too close to the runway. It caused him to deploy the flares very aggressively. It touched down, but due to the extended flares, it gained altitude and increased the angle of attack, which resulted it to land on its empennage on its second touchdown. This is known as a tailstrike incident. Figure 1 Extent of damage on the tail of JA8119 2.2 Botched Repair The tailstrike incident suffered by JA8119, resulted in issues that were not appealing at all. The rear bulkhead had various scratches, but on a closer look, there were cracks, and it was already unacceptable to be approved for flight purposes. However, they had to do a temporary repair on the bulkhead still, and they were not following prescribed steps to do so. Boeing stated in their manual for these procedures: A Continuous doubler plate on the bulkhead itself. Followed on with 3 rows of rivets on each side. This is to reinforce the bulkhead, such like what the objectives of a temporary repair should be. Instead, the licensed engineers of Boeing stationed at the airport did this: Two doubler plates cut out from a huge splice plate Two rows of rivets on one side, Single row of rivets on the other. (Wikipedia, 31 August 2010) Figure 2 The Actual Repair(National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 4 , Available from: Youtube.com [Accessed 23rd May 2010]) All of this was done by the engineers so that It would fit nicely. Which would later carry a serious consequence of servere failure during flight. 2.3 Metal Fatigue Metal fatigue, described as structural failure caused by consistent cycle loading, which would mean as stressing on part throughout a prolonged continous time. This is inevitably caused by the improvised procedures done by the engineers in Osaka Airport, as stated, in the previous factor. Figure 3 Leftovers of the rear bulkhead after shearing off during flight. (National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 4 , Available from: Youtube.com [Accessed 23rd May 2010]) Due to the nature of aircraft parts to go through consistent cycle loading, the doubler plate which was done as a patch repair to the rear pressure bulkhead, if done in correctly would result in extreme fatigue. This was exactly what happened. The loss of one row of rivets due to this procedure had caused them to take much higher stress than normal, such that having 2 rows with one row instead of 3 would distribute the load unevenly, causing the material to experience different rates of fatigue, as a result. This would be the main causing factor for the during flight incidents. Negligence of Ground Crew Usually, after a maintenance task has been completed, a senior engineer would do a check on it. This is where partly the fault had fell on. The senior engineer did a check on the splice plate repair on the rear bulkhead shortly after. In the beginning, the engineer did not approve of the repair due to the nature of the plate and the rivet placements, but looking at it as a temporary repair, he signed off declaring the plane of its worthiness. (JST Failure Knowledge Database, August 23, 2006) This would be catastrophic as no matter how minor a repair is, it should be done up to the best standards to avoid accidents. This was not the case. 3 Incident Details 3.1 Riveting Failure The cause of this was via the botched repair that was not done up to manufacturer standards. Figure 4 L18 Stiffener Joint (Dr. Yotarou Hatamura, 2005, JST Failure Knowledge Database[Online], Crash of Japan Airlines B-747 at Mt. Osutaka, Available from: http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/) Refer to Figure 4, this diagram compares the actual repair with the directed repair specified by the manufacturer, Boeing. The first drawing, starting from the left, shows a full doubler plate with 3 rows of rivets intact along a full plate attached to the damaged portion, with a small smount of sealant near the L18 stiffener which do not penetrate the doubler plate. The second drawing, which is the actual repair done, was not up to standard in comparison with the first drawing. It shows a chopped splice plate, which was in two pieces, and riveted with 2 rows of rivets on the bottom, with 1 row on the top. The only major difference would be the higher amount of sealant near the L18 stiffener. Comparing it to the previous drawing, the sealant, penetrated through the splice repair. This increased the stresses taken by the fracture site and the rivets. As illustrated by the drawings, the arrows would mean stress concentration, which had reduced,from two arrows to one. This cause the str ess to be highly concentrated there, multiple-site cracks started to form near the fastener holes. This cause the rivets to be overloaded and finally failed. Aft Bulkhead Failure Once a repair is signed off as complete, it will never be looked at again. Such was the case for the JA8119 after 12319 fight cycles. During flight, the whole plane goes through cycle loading due to the difference in air pressure surrounding it, it may seem insignificant at earlier parts, but the accumulated hard pressure could cause something to fail without maintenance. In this case it was a botched repair. According to the FAA, the one doubler plate which was specified for the job (the FAA calls it a splice plate essentially a patch) was cut into two pieces parallel to the stress crack it was intended to reinforce, to make it fit. The unstable nature of this repair resulted in a 70% decrease in Fatigue Resistance. Due to that fact that it did not properly cover up the fracture of the aft bulkhead, did it worsen and let loose during flight. Figure 5 Aft Pressure Bulkhead of JA8119 on Display(Flight Global, 2010[Online], Available from http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getAsset.aspx?ItemID=12345) Refer to Figure 5. The multiple-cracks that form on the bulkhead follows a similar pattern, which is that they started mostly from the fastener holes, as they tear considerably close to the rivets themselves. In the early years of the repair done, the cracks are small, but through 12300 cycles, they became bigger and eventually joined up. In the analysis report that was signed off, it was said that there were cracks from 30 of the 50 fastener holes of the area of repair, the total length of the cracks of the repair patch was 270mm. Only one reason could explain the huge extent of the cracks, majority of them had extended overtime and eventually joined together, causing catastrophic failures once they became concentrated. It would shatter the pressure bulkhead all together. Explosive Decompression Refer to Fig.5, under high altitude conditions, the aircraft cabin is pressurized to keep the correct amount of oxygen. It is necessary when an airliner reaches high altitudes, because the atmospheric pressure is too low to allow people to absorb sufficient oxygen, causing altitude sickness and eventually hypoxia.(Wikipedia, 24 July 2010) The air pressure difference in high altitudes can be very high, any decompression incident such as a small pinhole in the aircraft skin would produce a large hissing sound which could depressurized a whole cabin in five seconds. The lack of oxygen in the cabin will mean a 25% reduction in oxygen in our lungs, which will cause sluggish thinking, dimmed vision, loss of consciousness and ultimately death. Figure 6 Cabin Pressurisation Process(The Informer-Truth and Travel,2010[Online], Available from: http://informer.truth.travel/media/images/CabinAirGraphic.gif) The aft pressure bulkhead failure caused it to rip apart, allowing hypersonic air to rush into the tail fin which already caused explosive decompression. This eventually blew off a portion of the tail fin which further aggravated cabin decompression in the cabin, considering now that a huge hole had become a void. Hydraulic Failure Figure 7 Cause of loss of tail fin during flight (Dr. Yotarou Hatamura, 2005, JST Failure Knowledge Database[Online], Crash of Japan Airlines B-747 at Mt. Osutaka, Available from: http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail?fn=2id=CB1071008) Hydraulic lines are like the blood vessels of a human being, one snap in any of them, would mean death. As illustrated in Fig.6, the explosive decompression caused hypersonic air to rupture the tail fin and a part of the tail. Severed Hydraulic Lines It also shredded through one of the most important parts of the aircraft, the Central Hydraulic unit which controls the moving of hydraulic fluid to and fro the rudders on the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer. Beside them were the important hydraulic lines which also went off along with the Central Hydraulic unit. Loss of Primary Controls Once the hydraulic lines were cut off, the fluid escaped through the openings, which within minutes, the pilot reported difficulties in handling moments before he lost full control, which would mean that the hydraulic lines are now empty. To salvage the situation, the pilots varied their thrust between the engines on the left and the right wing and also they tried putting down the landing gear and the flaps. (National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 2, Available from: Youtube.com[Accessed 23rd May 2010]) 3.5 Human Error Many were at fault, but we couldnt possibly absolve no one of all blame. They did not put on oxygen masks, no reason was stated why. There was a lot of chaos in the cabin as well. Due to this, they were probably in a state of Hypoxia as they did not do two things: Report fully on the situation. Tried to land in Nagoya Airport which is on a linear path. Refer to Fig 7. Unknowingly, they also allowed the plane to stall in its path, which aggravated its out of control, rising and diving in the skies. This was also an accident that was the first of its kind, which would mean there was no training available for situations like these. Any precautions they had learnt was irrevelant to what they had encountered. Figure 8 Map of JA8119 Flight Path(Christopher Kilroy,2008, Air Disasters[Online], Special Report: Japan Air Lines 123, Available from: Air Disasters.com) Post Incident 4.1 Late Rescue Rescue efforts came only after 14 hours. This was justified when crash victim and survivor, Yumi Ochiai stated:Many more survived the crash, as their screams died down through the night. (National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 3, Available from: Youtube.com[Accessed 23rd May 2010]) 4.1.1 Refusal of US Military Assistance Yokota US Military Air Base had sent a C-130 to scout. Which they had reported back to have seen the crash site. Shortly after, a US helicopter was sent to the crash site to assist in the rescue effort. Meanwhile, rescue teams have been assembled and were on their way to the site. 4.1.2 Inaccessibility of area As stated, it crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 kilometers from Tokyo. It was in a mountainous region where roads do not directly lead to the crash site itself at all, and most of the wreckage lay on a downhill slope which meant more caution was taken to access to the site, costing more and more time. Figure 9 Panel of JA8119 lying on a downslope.(Available from: http://otona.yomiuri.co.jp/history/anohi090812.htm) Inclusion of new procedures in guidebook. The FAA consequently issued the following airworthiness directives: AD 85-22-12 which required a one-time visual inspection of the aft side of the aft pressure bulkhead for evidence of repairs or damage. AD 86-08-02, requiring the addition of a structural cover for the opening within the empennage to provide access to the vertical fin of all B747 models. This is to prevent structural failure of the vertical fin in the event of failure of the aft pressure bulkhead. AD 87-12-04 to require installation of a hydraulic fuse in the number 4 hydraulic system on Boeing Model 747 series airplanes. AD 87-23-10 was effective December 10, 1987 and required inspection for damage and cracking of the aft pressure bulkhead on Boeing Model 747 airplanes. This AD was later superseded by AD 98-20-20 which added repetitive inspections AD 98-20-20 was, in turn, superseded by AD 2000-15-08, which requires that a one-time inspection to detect cracking of the upper segment of the bulkhead web be accomplished repetitively, and adds additional repetitive inspections to detect cracking of the upper and lower segments of the aft bulkhead web. (Aviation Safety Network, 11 October 2009) Relief valves were also fitted into the Boeing 747, so that in the case of any dismemberment of the aircraft will not lose all of its hydraulic fluid, still having a high percentage of control of the aircraft. Conclusion Overall, we can see a pattern which in the events happened, ranging from the tailstrike incident in 12th August 1985, which led to a botched repair which sealed the fate of the plane to its imminent death. Lastly, the negligence of the ground crew who did passed the repair even though it wasnt on specifications. Throughout the flight, the plane suffered mechanical difficulties 12 minutes into the flight due to the failing of the rivets, causing the rear pressure bulkhead to rupture, allowing hypersonic speed air into the tail of the plane, inevitably tearing off the top portion of its tail fin, along with it went the Central Hydraulic unit which was the heart of the airplane. They lost all control all together shortly after losing all the hydraulic fluid, and with the case of a depressurized cabin, they suffered from hypoxia which hampered their decision making. 32 minutes later it crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, even though the pilots tried all sorts of manuve urs to salvage the plane from its fate. Rescue efforts were also hampered as the government rejected help from an US airbase for unknown reasons, even though they were already on site. The location also posed a problem, being inaccessible from any road, and being on a downhill slope slowed down emergency services. From this, we can see how serious a molehill can become a mountain in a matter of years. From scratches, they became cracks and tore through an important component. Maintenance was an issue here, as it was slack, even though Boeing had released new inspection and repair procedures 2-3 years after the tragic accident which included 522 lives, have we learnt? Maybe. China Airlines flight 611, crashed on 25th May 2002, which killed all passengers and the crew, coincidently bearing the same few causes such as botch repair, metal fatigue, riveting failure multiple-site damage. This happened 20 years after the procedures were implemented. In the world, there will always be a balance between evil and good, such like this case. It could have been them only the engineers not following procedures, the rest of the countries were. There is only one thing that we can do to prevent all these, is to learn from our mistakes and never to repeat them again. We can never stop these incidences, which i s why prevention is more than enough to keep the industry going until today. Recommendations Looking into the above information collected, the recommendations are: To include more stringent checks on the repair itself such as the creation of a small ultrasonic device to expose any gaps or cheating in the repair procedures Replace parts if damage is far too severe to be repaired. Rather than to do temporary repairs that could put lives at a small risk. Primary Controls to have failsafes as well, instead of having it in the hydraulic pipelines only. One example would be on the 4th of December 1987, Boeing requested fuses to be installed as a secondary safety measure in the primary control hydraulic lines in the case of another prevention measure.

My Revenge :: essays research papers

It was a beautiful sunny day at the beach and everyone was having fun, a lot of kids were swimming others were making sand castles and others were sunbaking. But suddenly everyone else didn’t matter, the only thing that mattered was the model that was having pictures of herself taken to be put on the front cover of a fashion magazine. I was amazed by her beauty so I thought I would go and have a little chat with her, you know get to know her better. By the way my name is Eric and I work part time as a lifeguard in the summer. My real job is martial arts teacher but I love swimming so I got my lifeguard degree and I started working part time at the beach in the summer holidays. As I was approaching her I saw another guy walk toward her and started talking to her I thought I was too late but then I saw that the girl was trying to get away from him but he wouldn’t leave her alone. I walked over there and I asked if there was a problem and the guy said no but she said that the Josh (guy’s name) was hassling her and that she told him to leave but he wouldn’t listen to her. And I asked if she wanted me to kick him out and she said she wouldn’t want me to get hurt (how sweet). I told her that he wouldn’t be able to hurt me and said I could try. As I approached Josh I saw that he was quite taller than me and that was nicely build. When I was near him he said â€Å"did the bitch call you and told you to make me leave?† And I said that I didn’t want any troublemakers on the beach and I told him to leave. He said he wouldn’t leave and he tried to punch me, but I was expecting that so I blocked and I dropped him. He got up and came charging at me but I moved and I kicked him so hard on the shin that he did a flip in the air and then fell. When he got up I told him to leave but instead he punched me in the stomach and then kicked my testicles. When I got up I was so pissed that even the crowd that had crowded on top of me made way.

Economic comment Essay

Interest rates are proportionate to credit quality and it shows the ability of the investor to pay at any given circumstance. World economic conditions vary by geography and country and the nature of inflation and deflation influences interest rates. Interest rate is also determined by the government through its enactment of public policy called interest rate subsidy (Montalbano, 6). Interest rate term structures evidences how they are determined by future expectations of the value money. However in the absences of the aforementioned determinants, interest rates are determined by the supply and demand for funds. 2. Interest is the premium paid for use of borrowed money. The interest for loans is usually fixed for a certain number of years after which if there is delay in payment the interest rate adjusts upwardly each year. The value of dollar can increase or decrease depending on the supply and demand imbalance. However, lending of money is associated with risks as the lender can not be certain whether or not the borrower will pay the money back. In order for the lender to reduce the risks, it is important to secure the loan with a physical property such as real estate. Additionally, examining of one’s ability to pay back the money by use of credit score range can help reduce the risks of lending. 3. Interest rates are also determined by the supply and the demands for funds. This shows that at whatever rate of borrowing, the borrower believes he/she has borrowed at the lowest rate and he/she can even provide higher interest rates on the same funds (Montalbano, 12). On the other hand, the lender believes the funds cannot be lent at a higher rate and there is certainty to receive interest and return of principal. Works Cited Montalbano, J. How are interest rates determined? 201. Viewed August 14 2010 from

Free Essays on Let America Be America Again

The Minority Perspective on America In the poem "Let America Be America Again," Langston Hughes shows the depressed state America was in during the 1930's. To many in America at this time, the American Dream had escaped their grasp and hopelessness had filled this void. In this poetic expression, the speaker is voices the silent Americans' concern of how America was intended to be, verses what it had become to them, and could aspire to be again. For many this poem expresses the hopelessness that the minorities, women, aged, and those of lower economic statuses faced. This caused the lowering of their hope and added to the problems of the economic depression of the time. The speaker and listener interact with each other throughout the poem. This is seen through the use of such lines as ‘(America never was America to me)’ (line 5). This interaction causes the reader/listener to be pulled in to the feelings of the speaker in the poem. Another issue addressed in this poem is that America is not the ideal to all of its people. The original speaker begins using a four-line stanza. This becomes irregular after the listener responds to the speaker. This indicates the passion felt by both parties and the hopelessness of them as well. This poem also projects urgency in the message, which is the need for equality for all men (women). The listener's response contains the main idea of the piece, showing the differences between the American Dream to the American Reality for those who are victims because of race, (gender), age, or economic status. The author's careful use of alliteration in phrases such as "pushed apart" (line 19), where the p sound is predominate, and "slavery's scars" (line20), where the s sound is predominate, emphasizes the struggles and alienation experienced by less fortunate minority Americans who lived in this time of crisis. The speaker begins the narration by making a statement that America should return to th... Free Essays on Let America Be America Again Free Essays on Let America Be America Again The Minority Perspective on America In the poem "Let America Be America Again," Langston Hughes shows the depressed state America was in during the 1930's. To many in America at this time, the American Dream had escaped their grasp and hopelessness had filled this void. In this poetic expression, the speaker is voices the silent Americans' concern of how America was intended to be, verses what it had become to them, and could aspire to be again. For many this poem expresses the hopelessness that the minorities, women, aged, and those of lower economic statuses faced. This caused the lowering of their hope and added to the problems of the economic depression of the time. The speaker and listener interact with each other throughout the poem. This is seen through the use of such lines as ‘(America never was America to me)’ (line 5). This interaction causes the reader/listener to be pulled in to the feelings of the speaker in the poem. Another issue addressed in this poem is that America is not the ideal to all of its people. The original speaker begins using a four-line stanza. This becomes irregular after the listener responds to the speaker. This indicates the passion felt by both parties and the hopelessness of them as well. This poem also projects urgency in the message, which is the need for equality for all men (women). The listener's response contains the main idea of the piece, showing the differences between the American Dream to the American Reality for those who are victims because of race, (gender), age, or economic status. The author's careful use of alliteration in phrases such as "pushed apart" (line 19), where the p sound is predominate, and "slavery's scars" (line20), where the s sound is predominate, emphasizes the struggles and alienation experienced by less fortunate minority Americans who lived in this time of crisis. The speaker begins the narration by making a statement that America should return to th...

Budget Cuts & War essays

Budget Cuts & War essays In the article, Rally at CSUN, students in California State University, Northridge are protesting for budget cuts and the war in Iraq. The thesis statement is to fight for the students education by protesting millions of dollars in planned state budget cuts because it is summarizing the main point of the article. It summarizes the whole article in one sentence. The article is arguing that the budget cuts are increasing the students fees and the students should protest about it. The first premise in the article is that the system raised the student fees by ten percent to cope with the cuts. Another premise is that the students would want an affordable higher education. The conclusion is in the third paragraph. Actor Ed Asner explains how the students should speak up if they do not want an increase in their student fees. So having a rally protesting the budget cuts would convince the governor to stop the cuts and while doing that they decide to protest about the war in Iraq. The article includes a fallacious argument that is a false analogy. It is located in the last paragraph, The nation will go into debt to destroy lives and people on the other side of the world while here at home we face a financial disaster. It is a false analogy because we are having problems over here while the nation is having problems with debt. It compares two things, and they also share certain characteristics. There has been budget cuts for community colleges as well and it has been bugging me that if it passes then I will not be able to transfer in the fall due to the cuts of classes for the summer semester. This is also a problem for many students out there. Students will not be able to finish or transfer as planned and save money for the increased student fees. Many students are also concerned with the war going on so why not protest about that too. ...

Marketing Research assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 2 - Assignment Example The benefit of this test is that it is cheaper to implement compared to other standard market tests. The effectiveness of the test will be measured by the number of additional customers that are attracted by the free buffet offer. These can be considered as the dependent variables DV), and their number will indicate the success rate of the market test. It will also indicate the number of return clients, who can be associated with the offer of the free breakfast snack. 2. Design a test of a new pricing strategy for orange juice concentrate. The brand is an established brand, and we are only interested in testing the effect of a 5 percent price increase and a 5 percent price decrease. All other elements of the marketing mix will remain the same. This can be achieved through a standard market test. It is good to select specific outlets within the company’s distribution channels. The best way is to implement 5 per cent price increase in at least 10 major outlets, and implement a 5 per cent price decrease in a similar number of outlets. The selected outlets should be scattered adequately to represent the national market outlook. The selected outlets represent the Independent Variables. The best timeline that can give a clear response should be about 20 days. The performances of the selected outlets should be used to determine market response. Therefore, any increase or decrease in the number of customers represents the dependent variables (DV). This should then be compared to the performance of the other outlets that were not involved in the study within the same time

Take home mid term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Take home mid term - Essay Example This was during the Second World War. On the other hand, Soviet Union scientists were busy also developing their own nuclear weapons. The USA undertook the Manhattan project in secrecy since Britain and America did not trust the Soviet Union despite their allegiance at the time (Haass 67). America was the only nation after World War II which had nuclear power. It hoped that with the possession of nuclear weapons, it would manipulate and draw concessions from the Soviet Union. However, this was not to be the case since the Soviet Union also was continuously working behind the scenes to develop their own nuclear weapon. The Soviet Union was initially unable to build its own atomic weapon since the war limited its access to uranium. Thus, after the end of World War II, uranium deposits in Eastern Europe became readily available. The Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear bomb in 1949. Subsequently, both the United States of America and the Soviet Union commenced the construction of a hydrogen bomb. The United States tested the hydrogen bomb on November 1952. Also, the United States gain tested another hydrogen bomb in 1954 on bikini atoll. The introduction of the ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles) was a major development during the arms race period (Weir Jr 87). Unlike bombers, missiles were seen as better carriers of nuclear warheads. To show the world that they could deploy a missile which could reach anywhere in the world, the Soviet Union launched into the earth orbit the sputnik satellite in 1957. The USA launched its version in 1959. The notion behind the nuclear arms race during the cold war was for supremacy purposes. The country with the largest arsenal would manipulate the other. Also, the mutual assured destruction concept or notion ensured that both the United States and the Soviet Union could not attack each other. Although both nations invested heavily in military defence programs, none of these were secure (Caldicott

Unit Journal for International Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Unit Journal for International Relation - Essay Example Because of these changes, state sovereignty will never be absolute. State sovereignty means that the state has the absolute power to control over its internal affairs that happen within the boundary of its territory, free from outside state interference, and has the complete authority to govern its people (Wang, 2004)iii. Today, each country is obliged to observe the international laws. Therefore, there will always be some instances wherein a sovereign country should seek external assistance from outside sources before it can make a final political decision. For example, before China opened its door to international trading, this country did not bother to establish a close political and economic relations with Europe. Likewise, Europe was not interested in establishing international relations with China. Because of global trading, the is an on-going political and economic relations between these two countries. Therefore, neither one of these two countries should make political, socia l, and economic decisions that could hurt or weaken the relationship between the two countries (Taneja, 2010)iv. Question two: Define poverty. Can it be eradicated? The basic human needs are not limited to food, clean drinking water, and shelter but also education, access to health care services, and work opportunity. Once the basic human needs are not met, poverty is said to be present. With this in mind, poverty is actually referring to a poor living condition wherein people have insufficient basic human needs that are necessary for a higher quality of life (UNDP, 1997)v. Because of the continuously increasing population growth around the world, socio-economic problems related to poverty also significantly increases. Among the few well-know economic concepts that could clearly explain the increase of inequality in terms of income distribution and work opportunities is capitalism. Under a capitalized economy, business people in general gather a group of laborers in exchange with mi nimum wage. Since businessmen could earn a large sum of profit out of the lower income population, the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time (Botha, 2003)vi. Through education, poverty rate can be reduced but not totally eradicated. According to Bhalla (2006, p. 23), India and China are two of the biggest countries around the world that chose not participate in the global economy started to open its market outside the country since 1980s. Eventually, the active participation of Chinese and Indians in the global market resulted to a significant reduction on the number of people who are experiencing poverty. Since a lot of people who used to live below the poverty line were given the opportunity to work, the number of people who were experiencing poverty was significantly reduced from 1.3 billion in 1980 down to 500 million in 2000 (Bhalla, 2006, p. 22). Question three: Identify and explain the challenges for policy makers when dealing with population growth. Policy ma kers are facing challenges when it comes to controlling the population growth. One of the most common challenges involves the cultural and religious controversy with regards to the use of birth control methods. In line with this, Boadu (2002)vii revealed that the Catholic, Mormons, and Baptists religion are strongly against the use of artificial contraceptives.

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay Example for Free

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay Team D Auditing has been evaluating the evidence presented by Apollo Shoes. The audit team has developed an audit report in response to the audit and has also provided a description of the evidence, a description of the account sampling and testing procedures used, and has also given a brief description of the value of an audit report. This report is only to reflect Team D’s opinion regarding Apollo’s internal controls, financial statements, and management’s assessment. Management Responsibilities We have audited the financial statements of Apollo Shoes Inc. , including the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. The company’s management is responsible for preparing these financial statements; in addition, the management is responsible for implementing adequate internal controls to ensure the accuracy and completeness of these statements (Arens, Elder, Beasley, 2012). Our responsibility as an auditor is to conduct an audit in accordance with the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards and express an opinion on these statements based on the audit. Audit Scope The audit conducted by Team D Auditing was executed in accordance with standards set by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) (Arens et al., 2012). The standards set by these two bodies require the team to arrange and complete an inspection of the evidence to obtain reasonable assurance of whether the company’s financial statements are without material misstatements. Also, the team is to evaluate the internal controls and determine if they provide adequate control over the financial reporting for the material components. The audit includes the examination of the following: Financial Statement Disclosures Evidence that supports reported amounts Internal Controls: Implementation and Current Use Financial Statement Presentation Management-made Estimates Accounting Principle Assessments Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Apollo Shoes, Inc. Apollo Shoes Audit was conducted under the Public Accounting Oversight Board Standards. Under these standards is required to provide assurance about the financial reporting and the internal control place in operation. In order to achieve assurance the financial statements are evaluated based on an examination of evidence providing basis for our opinion. Our examination included: Significant estimates made by management – evaluate the reasonable of the significant assumptions (Becker CPA Review, 2014). Financial statement presentation evaluate the presentation and format of financial information (Arens et al., 2012). Accounting principle evaluation, corrections of errors involving principle or changing principal not acceptable to an acceptable one† (Arens et al., 2012). Adequate disclosures of significant accounting policies, accounting changes or loss contingency (Becker CPA Review, 2014). Since Apollo Shoes was a public traded company is imperative to test the effectiveness of the internal control, which is based on: Preventive controls that are placed in operation indicating that transactions were valid, recognized, and submitted for processing following the internal control objectives (Becker CPA Review, 2014). Detective controls provide assurance that the errors and regularities are discovered and corrected in the normal course of business (Becker CPA Review, 2014). Our evidence examination should provide assurance that the financial statements are correct in order for us to sustain our opinion. However, it is impossible due to inherent limitations that the internal controls may not prevent or detect material misstatements. As discussed in note 5, based on our finding the sales and account receivables were overstated by $5,765,081.82 and the related cost of goods sold by $3,165, 145.10 (Louwers, 2007). We determined that this sale is not in accordance with general accepted accounting procedures. Based on the evidence and procedures performed as mentioned in the previous paragraph, Team D opinion on Apollo Shoes financial statement for the period ending on December 31, 2007 do not present fairly on all material respect the financial position of the company. However, we are confirming the efficiency and effectiveness of the internal control, based on COSO framework. It is important to mention that Apollo Shoes has a litigation suit in the preliminary stage for $12,000,000, which intend to defend them self. It is reasonable that the loss could reach $10,000,000 after legal fees (Louwers, 2007). No adjustments have been made to the financial statements. Since Apollo has lost his major customer, this has raised a substantial doubt about the ability that Apollo Shoes Inc. can continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustment that contemplates this uncertainty. Description of Evidence The evidence used for the audit included several items presented by Apollo Shoes. The team was presented with the SEC 10-K filing from 2006, as well as the minutes from the audit committee meeting. The team also reviewed the company Letter to the Shareholders. The SEC filing provided us with historical financial statements and a wealth of other information about the company, including quarterly unaudited operation results. The team also reviewed the company accounting and control procedures manual to evaluate the controls over the accounting functions of the company, such as accounts receivables and cash management. Team D Auditing also performed an inventory observation, reviewed the sales forecast for the upcoming year, and reviewed the Board Meeting minutes from the meeting June 30, 2007. The team was also able to examine the 2006 audited and the 2007 unaudited trial balances, the work papers for the new computer system and the work papers for the internal control systems. The team was able to perform a thorough audit for Apollo Shoes based upon the evidence presented. Account Sampling The goal of an audit is to ensure the financial statements are fairly presented in accordance to the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards, and to obtain reasonable assurance that the statements are free from material errors. It is impossible and costly to test every transaction; therefore, we will be selecting samples for testing and make inference about the overall effectiveness of these statements. We will use the simple random sampling method to select these samples because this method ensures every item has an equal chance of being included (Arens et al., 2012). In addition, depend on the account we are testing different number of items may be included in each sample. Testing Procedures The auditor used industry data and compared it to Apollo Shoes financial information to comprehend the business and its results to determine if the company financial well-being. The auditor also compared the â€Å"client data with similar prior period data† (Arens et al., 2012, p. 227). This included the following: Comparing the current year with the previous year’s audited balance Examine current and previous year’s trial balance to decipher changes. Compared detail of total balances with previous year’s total balance â€Å"Compare details such as monthly totals of current year and preceding year for sales, repairs, loans payable, and other accounts† noticing significant changes (Arens et al., 2012, p. 227). Compared current ratios and percentages of current and previous years Compare current and previous common-size financial statements with vertical and horizontal analysis; Compare ratios analysis â€Å"solvency, efficiency, and profitability ratios† (Boynton, 2006, p. 325). Compared client prepared information with auditor’s expectations Auditor develops an estimation or expectation of results and account balances and compares it to client’s expectations, results, and account balances examining difference. Examine lead schedules prepared by the client. Audit Report Value The value of an audit report is quite simple. It is the written representation of the auditor’s opinion and acts of an almost guarantee for company investors, creditors, and clients. The audit report lists the auditor and director responsibility, gives the scope of the audit, and reports the auditor’s opinion. It lets the users of the financial statements know that they can be reasonably assured statements are without material misstatement and can use the contained information to make their decisions. Of course, the opinion given is not completely guaranteed. Conclusion Team D Auditing carefully considered the given evidence and performed tests of the internal controls and has come to the conclusion that we are unable to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are without material misstatement. We are also concerned with the future of Apollo Shoes with the loss of its biggest client and the pending lawsuit. The audit report, including some additional information regarding the evidence, sampling, and testing procedures have been submitted for review. References Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S. (2012). Auditing and assurance services: An integrated approach (14th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson/Prentice Hall Becker Professional Education/CPA Review (2014) Audit Reports; Devry/Becker Educational Development Corp Boynton, W. C. (2006). Modern Auditing (8th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Louwers, T. R. (2007). Apollo Shoes, InC. Auditing and Assurance Services. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

1. Show how at least two individual episodes, sections or events in your studied text held your interest as a reader. This essay will discuss how two individual events in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, held my interest as a reader. The two individual events are Tom Robinsons court case and the pageant at Scouts school when she plays the role of â€Å"Pork†. I will discuss what techniques were used in both events and how they held my interest. Mayella Ewell accuses Tom Robinson, a black man, of raping her and Atticus, Scout’s father takes the case. Scout and Jem, Atticus’s children sneak to the trial so we, as the reader, find out what is happening through Scout’s eyes. Scout has seen many trials, so her knowledge of what is happening makes it easier for the reader to understand, therefore holding our interest and stopping us from getting bored when we don’t understand the law jargon. Harper Lee wrote the book in a way that he would keep us in suspense. This is especially shown when Atticus is questioning Mayella Ewell. Atticus asked Mayella questions and called her â€Å"ma’am† which was something she had never been called before so she didn’t react well. This made her flustered and also made her say that Tom Robinson had thrown her down and beat her up. After this Atticus made Tom Robinson stand up only for the audience to see that he had a crippled arm. It was moments like this that made us, as readers not want to stop reading because we wanted to know what would happen next. We wanted to know what else Mayella would say. Harper Lee creates the suspension by writing the conversation between Atticus and Mayella Ewell. Lee shows how educated Atticus is in contrast to how uneducated Mayella is by the different language they use. It makes it interesting for the reader and it helps us be able to show who is talking at what moment. At the end of the trial, Atticus has done a good job making the reader think that Tom Robinson will go free. When actually, the jury finds him guilty. Harper Lee does this to shock the readers and to make them want to continue to read to see what happens after the trial, therefore continuing to hold our interest. The second event holds our interest in a similar way to the first event.

Social Worlds in Blood Brothers, by Willy Russell :: Blood Brothers Willy Russell Social Class Essays

Social Worlds in Blood Brothers Explore how the theme of different social worlds is presented in Blood Brothers by Willy Russell. What comments might Russell be making about his twins You should write about  · Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons  · Edward and Mickey  · The Policeman  · The Narrator This essay is about the play Blood Brothers by Willy Russell. I will be discussing the two main female characters in the play, Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons and how they take part in the important events of the play. I am also going to look at other aspects, like their social statuses and how each receive different treatment altogether from others surrounding them. This will help me evaluate how Willy Russell has presented different social worlds to the audience, and how they are seen. Also I am going to be seeing how Willy Russell’s background could possibly affect his views. Blood Brothers is the tale of two twin brothers who are secretly separated at birth and are forced to live very different lives apart from each other. Upon growing up these two brothers, upon chance, meet each other and strike up a friendship together, while all along being totally ignorant to their fraternity. This can only end in tragedy, as this terrible secret being kept from them cannot stay hidden for ever, so in the end both brothers end up dying together in an inevitable blood bath, upon finding out about the hidden secret. Because the play appears to have been set in the 1970’s/ 1980’s, around Liverpool, there is a lot about striking and major redundancies in it. Also, about people moving out of the city to the country (i.e. Skelmersdale), for a better life and good job prospects. This kind of situation seems to emulate what happened to the director Willy Russell during his childhood, as he too moved from the very much industrialised area around Liverpool. Upon moving out into the country he says that â€Å"compared to Huyton it was paradise† which seems to show his dislike of industrial areas such as Huyton. At the beginning of the play there is a prologue which is designed to show how fate is meant to play an important role ion the play. The prologue is the ending of the play read out at the beginning. So, in giving the audience the ending at the beginning they begin to feel the story’s elements locking together as the play wears on. This makes for the audience in having a terrible awareness of what is to happen, so tragically, to the brothers and also gives a very strong sense of fate’s hand in the disaster, which reinforces the importance of

Lehigh’s 1993 product mix Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The objective of this memo is to recommend you a product mix for Lehigh in the year of 1993 based on profit calculations and other business considerations. Recommendation: 1993 product mix should include only High Speed Based on an approach resultant from the combination of ABC plus Theory of Constraints (TOC), I recommend that the company include only the High Speed (machine coil) in its mix. The table bellow contains the unitary cost for Standard and ABC and the throughput per unit of the constrained resource ($/min), calculated diving the unitary ABC cost ($/lb) by the machine time for the rolling process (lb/min): The following paragraphs present a deeper analysis to allow comprehension of the logical steps that led to this recommendation. Rationale: ABC and TOC combined approach The major idea behind combining ABC and TOC approaches is to come up with a fourth method of calculating profits that overcomes the shortcomings of the other three methods (Standard, ABC and TOC). Based on the ABC model (see description of this model in the next section of this report: Alternatives Rejected), I calculated the unitary operating profit per product. This operating profit eliminates the major issue concerning the Standard Costing system: to average uneven resource consumption across products. The next step was to incorporate the concept of time as a factor used in Lehigh’s decision-making. First, by obtaining information from the operations staff, I defined the CRM as the constraint of the plant. Then, I calculated the  throughput per unit of the constrained process (Rolling – CRM) by diving the unitary ABC cost ($/lb) by the machine time for the rolling process (lb/min). Exhibit 1 presents the results for these calculations. According to this approach, alloys, roller wires and chipper knives present losses, while only high speeds and round bars showed profits: respectively $4.84 and $0.08 per minute of rolling machine (CRM) used. However, considering this small profit per minute for round bars and that Die Steel market is broad and requires that its participants offer a full product line to maintain share (this means that Chipper Knives should also be produced), I recommend that Die Steel products be removed from product mix. Consequently, high speeds are the only products that I recommend be kept in Lehigh’s product mix in 1993. It is important to mention that with demand recovering in 1993 and Lehigh’s superior product performance, it may be possible that the company command a price premium for its alloys high enough to turn it profitable in this method and, consequently, to include it in its product mix. Alternatives rejected: Standard, ABC costing and TOC approach Analyzing the scenario, Lehigh had 3 other possibilities for calculating its profit per product: Standard costing The product weight was considered the primary driver of resource consumption, so the indirect manufacturing and administrative costs were allocated to products based on pounds produced. As a result, this approach considers that each of the five products uses manufacturing and administrative overhead equally (their unitary costs are all $0.64 per pound). Moreover, direct manufacturing costs were allocated based on machine hours and materials and direct labor were allocated based on the bill of materials and routings. The calculations for this first alternative are presented in exhibit 2. According to this approach, all products but alloys present operating losses. However, standard costing is averaging the diverse resource use by products and that one it points as the most profitable (alloys) is already promoted by marketing and sales teams, but Lehigh is not showing profits during this period. Therefore, this alternative is not recommended. ABC costing In this second approach, I considered Utilities, Maintenance and Depreciation as direct manufacturing costs and allocated them based on machine hours. Number of skus was considered driver for Technical Support. The product weight was considered driver of resource consumption only for General & Administrative costs. Moreover, materials and direct labor were allocated based on the bill of materials and routings (exactly the way they were allocated in Standard Costing system). Finally, Material Handling & Setup, Order Processing and Production Planning were driven to products using number of orders. Consequently, ABC solves the major issue regarding the Standard Costing system: the assumption that all overhead costs can be included into one cost pool. All the drivers are summarized in exhibit 3. Exhibits 4 and 5 present respectively the ABC drivers and allocation rates. The calculations for this alternative are presented in exhibit 6. According to this approach, alloys, roller wires and chipper knives present operating losses, while only high speeds and round bars showed operating profits: $0.15 and $0.01 per pound. However, ABC does not take into consideration how smoothly material flowed through the plant and product profitability should reflect this kind of difference in resource consumption. This is the reason why this alternative was not selected. TOC approach In this third approach, it was proposed a simple operational measure to orientate the decision-making process within the company: Throughput. It was calculated as sales less material cost (â€Å"contribution margin†) per unit of the constrained resource. As already mentioned, the rolling process (CRM) is the bottleneck of the plant. TOC approach considers that the efficient management of the constrained resource is the key factor to increase profitability. The calculations for this alternative are presented in exhibit 7. According to this approach, high speeds and alloys were the products that showed higher â€Å"contribution margins†: $25.00 and $17.70 per minute of rolling machine (CRM) used. However, TOC approach only takes into consideration the material costs, leaving aside all the other relevant costs that could be allocated to each product according to ABC approach. In other words, TOC method does not reflect the real operating profits. Considering  this point, this alternative was discarded.